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Orodha ya Topics za English Form Five
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- Introduction To Language
- Word Formation
- Listening Skills
- Speaking Skills
- Reading Skills
- Writing Skills
- Translation And Interpretation
Somo la kingereza kwa kidato cha tano linajuml ya topics 7
Form Five English Notes All Topics PDF Free Download
Hapa chini ni notes za kidato cha 5 kwa somo la kingereza, ili kuweza kupakua notes hizi tafadhari bonyeza kwenye neno Download lililopo mbele ya kila topic kutoka kwneye chati ya hapo chini.
| Namba | Topics | Download Link |
| 1 | Introduction To Language | Download |
| 2 | Word Formation | Download |
| 3 | Listening Skills | Download |
| 4 | Speaking Skills | Download |
| 5 | Reading Skills | Download |
| 6 | Writing Skills | Download |
| 7 | Translation And Interpretation | Download |
Introduction To Language
Language
- Language is a symbol system based on pure or arbitrary conventions…. (syane and jindal
2007:1) - Language is the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral auditory arbitrary. (Hall, 1969 (ibid)
- Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group cooperates (Bioch and Trager, 1942)
- Language is a system of vocal symbols used for human communications. (wardaugh- 1972)
- Language is a collection of signs which are arbitrary chosen and organized according to certain fixed principles that are acceptable by the society.
- Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by which thought is conveyed from one human being (a speaker or writer) to another (a listener or reader)
- Language is a conventional system habitually system of vocal behavior by which members of a community communicate with one another.
- Language is a learned and shared habitual system of vocal symbols through which human beings in the same speech community interact and hence communicate in terms of their common cultural experiences and expectations.
- Language is the system of communication in speech and writing that is used by human beings.
NOTE:- with regard to the above definitions, the most possible definition of language may be this “Language is a system of arbitrary and conventional vocal symbols through which thought (message) is conveyed from one human being to another i.e.: from the speaker or order to the listener or reader.
Elements Of Language
The definition of language consists of several key terms/elements as follows.
System
Language is a system in the sense that it is a collection of sign or symbols i.e. It assembles together the smaller units to form the larger units and these units are arranged in a regular order for example:- phonemes-syllable-morphemes-words-phrases-clauses-sentences-paragraph-comprehension.
Language is constituted by several elements which are arranged in a regular fixed order, such elements include subject, verb, object, complement and adverbial.
For example: – The boy has been here since yesterday
S V A A
He left your book in my room last week
S V O A A
Language being a system is also constituted by various subsystems such as sound system, structural system and meaning system.
Arbitrary
The arbitrariness of language is proven by the following facts.
In language there is no correspondence (similarity) between the symbols (sound or letters) and the realities, meanings or objects which are represented by those symbols.
For example: – the word dog with the four legged animal, table as a piece of furniture.
However language is arbitrary due to the fact that the linguistic symbols used in language were just picked haphazardly (with no particular plan or organization) i.e. there was no any formal meeting by any speech community which sat to form language. Each speech community has its own symbols representing different realities.
Vocal
Language is said to be vocal since each language is based on speech sounds that are produced by the vocal organs, (organ of the mouth, nose and throat) i.e. in spoken form language is presented through the vocal sounds (sounds from the mouth)
Symbol
Language is symbolic in the sense that language uses signs or symbols to represent realities, object
or ideas.
There are two major types of symbols used in language
The acoustic images (the sounds)
The graphic signs (orthography letters 1 spellings)
These symbols represent realities, objects or ideas in spoken language; we use the acoustic images (sounds) where as in written language we use the graphic signs (letters)
5 Conventional
Language is conventional due to the fact that any human language (system of communication) ought to be mutually acceptable and understood by a particular speech community i.e. all members who use that particular language.
Message
Message is the key word language has the message since it is the message that is conveyed from one human being to another i.e. language is used as the medium through which ideas, opinions or thought is carried from the speaker or writer to the listener or reader. The participants in language communicate the message to each other thus message is the central element in any communication system (no message, no communication)
Human being
Language is used by human beings i.e. it has been proved that it is only the human being among all creatures who communicate by the use of language other creature do communicate using different systems or forms but they never use language as there means of communication.